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Mohammed & Charlemagne Revisited: The History of a ControversyDuring the 1920s Belgian historian Henri Pirenne came to an astonishing conclusion: the ancient classical civilization, which Rome had established throughout Europe and the Mediterranean world, was not destroyed by the Barbarians who invaded the western provinces in the fifth century, it was destroyed by the Arabs, whose conquest of the Middle East and North Africa terminated Roman civilization in those regions and cut off Europe from any further
During the 1920s Belgian historian Henri Pirenne came to an astonishing conclusion: the ancient classical civilization, which Rome had established throughout Europe and the Mediterranean world, was not destroyed by the Barbarians who invaded the western provinces in the fifth century, it was destroyed by the Arabs, whose conquest of the Middle East and North Africa terminated Roman civilization in those regions and cut off Europe from any further trading and cultural contact with the East. According to Pirenne, it was only in the mid-seventh century that the characteristic features of classical life disappeared from Europe, after which time the continent began to develop its own distinctive and somewhat primitive medieval culture. Pirenne's findings, published posthumously in his Mohammed et Charlemagne (1937), were even then highly controversial, for by the late nineteenth century many historians were moving towards a quite different conclusion: namely that the Arabs were actually a civilizing force who rekindled the light of classical learning in Europe after it had been extinguished by the Goths, Vandals and Huns in the fifth century. And because Pirenne went so diametrically against the grain of this thinking, the reception of his new thesis tended to be hostile. Paper after paper published during the 1940s and '50s strove to refute him. The most definitive rebuttal however appeared in the early 1980s. This was Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe, by English archaeologists Richard Hodges and David Whitehouse. These, in common with Pirenne's earlier critics, argued that classical civilization was already dead in Europe by the time of the Arab conquests, and that the Arabs arrived on the scene as civilizers rather than destroyers. Hodges and Whitehouse claimed that the latest findings of archaeology fully supported this view, and their work was highly influential. So influential indeed that over the next three decades Pirenne and his thesis was progressively sidelined, so that recent years have seen the publication of dozens of titles in the English language alone which fail even to mention his name. In Mohammed and Charlemagne Revisited historian Emmet Scott reviews the evidence put forward by Hodges and Whitehouse, as well as the more recent findings of archaeology, and comes to a rather different conclusion. For him, the evidence shows that classical civilization was not dead in Europe at the start of the seventh century, but was actually experiencing something of a revival. Populations and towns were beginning to grow again for the first time since this second century - a development apparently attributable largely to the spread of Christianity. In addition, the real centres of classical civilization, in the Middle East, were experiencing an unprecedented Golden Age at the time, with cities larger and more prosperous than ever before. Excavation has shown that these were destroyed thoroughly and completely by the Arab conquests, with many never again reoccupied. And it was precisely then, says Scott, that Europe's classical culture also disappeared, with the abandonment of the undefended lowland villas and farms of the Roman period and a retreat to fortified hilltop settlements; the first medieval castles. For Scott, archaeology demonstrated that the Arabs did indeed blockade the Mediterranean through piracy and slave-raiding, precisely as Pirenne had claimed, and he argues that the disappearance of papyrus from Europe was an infallible proof of this. Whatever classical learning survived after this time, says Scott, was due almost entirely to the efforts of Christian monks. The Pirenne thesis has taken on a new significance in the post 9/11 world. Scott's take on the theory will certainly ignite further and perhaps heated debate.Binding Type: Paperback
Publisher: World Encounter Institute/New English Review
Published: 01/15/2012
ISBN: 9780578094182
Pages: 272
Weight: 0.89lbs
Size: 9.00h x 6.00w x 0.61d
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4.8 ★★★★★
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 5
Great sock liners
Size: Medium, Color: (001) Black / Black / Pitch Gray
Awesome socks. Has little gel pad on top of heel for no slip. Thin and comfortable. Previously Purchased at Nordstrom rack and no longer in stock. Happy to find here
Note: Will shrink a little best to air dry
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Reviewed in the United States on April 16, 2026
★★★★★ 5
Very good product
Size: Medium, Color: (001) Black / Black / Pitch Gray
I purchased these to wear inside lowcut slip on casual shoes, I don't particularly like to not wear socks in my shoes for hygienic reasons. Prior to purchasing these socks, all I could find were those made of very light beige hosiery type material , and my slip on shoes would slide around a bit. These are light weight and breathable athletic type material, with a very good gripper strip at the heel. One pair of my slip on casual shoes have a particularly lower cut in the toe area, but the shoe is black and I chose the black color and though I see a hint of the sock there, it matches and does not detract from the look of the casual solid black shoe
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Reviewed in the United States on May 15, 2026
★★★★★ 5
They stay out! No more sock wads!
Size: Medium, Color: (100) White / White / Mod Gray
Best no show socks ever made!!!!! I've been struggling for 2 years to find ones that actually stay on your foot, even other national brands, and I just became content wearing my sneakers without socks. They ALWAYS slid down into my show & I ended up walking on a wad of sock until I could fix it...or usually just took them off after a couple of tries. Enter Under Armor!!! They a mid weight, but not very thick & still breathable. They work too by actually staying on your foot! Not once have they slid down into my show!! Very comfortable but they could be a little more affordable.
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Reviewed in the United States on August 1, 2025
★★★★★ 5
Love!
Size: Large, Color: (100) White / White / Mod Gray
Ive tried so many no show socks but I love these. This is the 3rd set I've bought. They never slip off and the material is thin and breathable. Perfect for working out.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 2, 2026
★★★★★ 5
True no-show socks that don’t slide down!
Size: Medium, Color: (100) White / White / Mod Gray, Size: Medium, Color: (100) White / White / Mod Gray
This is the first pair of no-show socks I’ve tried that actually don’t slide down into my shoes. Trust me… I have tried lots of different pairs and this is the one! They fit perfectly. They’re not too thick and they’re obviously durable because I wash them after each wear, so daily.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 21, 2026