SKU: 79712240662

Roman Empire Nicomedia Licinius I. 308-324 AD BI Redused Nummus NGC Ch AU (056)

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Roman Empire Nicomedia Licinius I. 308-324 AD BI Redused Nummus NGC Ch AU (056)CLEANED UNCLEANED : Uncleaned CERTIFICATION NUMBER : 5768379 056 CERTIFICATION : NGC GRADE : CH AU YEAR : 308 324 COMPOSITION : Billon RULER : Licinius I DENOMINATION : Nummus KM NUMBER : 5768379 056 ERA : Ancient Roman Coin, Nicomedia Licinius I. 308 324 AD BI Redused Nummus ISSUE OF EMPEROR LICINIUS I CO RULER AND RIVAL OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT GRADED NGC Ch AU OBV: LAUREATE AND MANTLED BUST OF LICINIUS RIGHT. REV: FULL STANDING DEPICTION OF SOL


  • CLEANED/UNCLEANED : Uncleaned
  • CERTIFICATION NUMBER : 5768379-056
  • CERTIFICATION : NGC
  • GRADE : CH AU
  • YEAR : 308-324
  • COMPOSITION : Billon
  • RULER : Licinius I
  • DENOMINATION : Nummus
  • KM NUMBER : 5768379-056
  • ERA : Ancient

Roman Coin, Nicomedia Licinius I. 308-324 AD BI Redused Nummus

ISSUE OF EMPEROR LICINIUS I

CO-RULER AND RIVAL OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

GRADED NGC Ch AU

OBV: LAUREATE AND MANTLED BUST OF LICINIUS RIGHT.

REV: FULL STANDING DEPICTION OF SOL HOLDING GLOBE.


GAIUS VALERIUS LICINIANUS LICINIUS AUGUSTUS (b. 236 – d. 335) WAS ROMAN EMPEROR FROM 308 TO 324. BORN A PEASANT, HE BECAME THE CHILDHOOD FRIEND OF THE FUTURE EMPEROR GALERIUS, AND THROUGH THIS ASSOCIATION, AND THE TRUST PLACED IN HIM BY GALERIUS, HE ROSE TO PROMINENCE.
IN 308, GALERIUS ELEVATED LICINIUS TO AUGUSTUS (EMPEROR) IN THE WEST. AFTER THE DEATH OF GALERIUS IN 311, LICINIUS SPLIT THE EMPIRE WITH EMPEROR MAXIMINUS II (DAIA), WITH THE HELLESPONT BECOMING THE DIVIDING LINE.
TO CEMENT AN ALLIANCE WITH CONSTANTINE AS A HEDGE AGAINST MAXIMINUS (WHO, IN TURN, HAD MADE AN ALLIANCE WITH MAXENTIUS, THE USURPER OF ITALY), LICINIUS MARRIED CONSTANTINE’S HALF-SISTER IN 313. THE TWO ALLIES JOINTLY ISSUED THE EDICT OF MILAN, FREEING CHRISTIANS FROM PERSECUTION WITHIN THE EMPIRE.
MAXENTIUS WAS CRUSHED BY CONSTANTINE IN 312, AND MAXIMINUS ATTACKED LICINIUS IN 313 AND WAS COMPLETELY DEFEATED. THIS TIME THE EMPIRE WAS SPLIT WITH CONSTANTINE AS RULER OF THE WEST, AND LICINIUS, EMPEROR IN THE EAST. IN 314, THE TWO EMPERORS WENT TO WAR AGAINST EACH OTHER, BUT CAME TO A SETTLEMENT WHICH LASTED FOR TEN YEARS. EVENTUALLY, WAR BROKE OUT AGAIN, WHICH RESULTED IN CONSTANTINE’S TRIUMPH OVER HIS RIVAL IN 324. INITIALLY SPARED DUE TO THE PLEAS OF HIS WIFE TO HER BROTHER, LICINIUS WAS HANGED FOR CONSPIRACY A YEAR LATER. IN THE END, CONSTANTINE REIGNED SUPREME, THE MEMORY OF LICINIUS WAS VILIFIED, HIS STATUES TORN DOWN, AND HIS EDICTS ABOLISHED.

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SKU: 79712240662

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tyrone
Boise, US
★★★★★ 5
Bought it for me and a friend
Format: Paperback
Excellent Book ! A must read ! TYRONE C .
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Reviewed in the United States on June 15, 2019
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CJ
Belleville, US
★★★★★ 4
Buy it
Format: Paperback
Just finished reading it. It’s a good, easy read.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 8, 2019
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MW
Boise, US
★★★★★ 5
Quality Book
Format: Paperback
Quality book.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 14, 2019
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Michael Burnam-fink
Fort Morgan, US
★★★★★ 5
There is a war... for your Mind!
Format: Kindle
"There is a war... for your Mind!" That's the slogan of InfoWars, the incendiary conspiracy news network and nutritional supplement marketing firm. And while Alex Jones is wrong about almost everything, he's right about that. In LikeWar Singer and Brooking ably synthesize a sophisticated picture of information warfare in 2018, drawing from sources as diverse as Taylor Swift, Donald Trump, and ISIS, to argue that the internet has lead to a blurring of lines between consumer, citizen, journalist, activist, and warrior which threatens the foundations of liberal democracy. The tech companies which built these platforms and profited from them must grapple with the politics of their technologies, before we all reap the whirlwind. Computer networks and smart phones connect billions of people, allowing ideas to flow faster than ever before in history. Sometimes, the results can be impressive. The Chiapas Zapatista movement in 1994 was a dial-up and fax version of a network insurgency that managed to bring enough international opprobrium on Mexico that the government blinked, and reached some kind of political accord (Chiapas is complicated). More recently, Eliot Higgins and a team of open source analysts at Bellingcat managed to track down the exact BUK missile system and Russian soldiers responsible for shooting down MH 17 in 2014. But there are a lot of dark sides. When people connect, the emotion that spreads most rapidly is anger. Lies spread five times faster than truth. Musicians can use social networks to directly connect with their fans, and ISIS uses it to connect with alienated Muslim youths worldwide. Social networks sort diverse citizens into filter bubbles of people who think alike. Eliot Higgin's careful open source intelligence has a paranoid fun-house mirror version in the QAnon conspiracy, where Qultist decoders find hidden messages from an alleged 'senior white house source'. And then there is the matter of information war, an area that even now, after years of offensive cyber operations, liberal democracies still don't understand. Hostile propaganda slips into Western news networks and major platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are infested with bots. LikeWar can even take a personal toll. Over the course of writing this book, General Michael Flynn went from forward looking full-spectrum commander to head Trumpist conspiracy cheerleader to indicted and plead out felon. Flynn's fall is complex, but it can't be separated from the internet. If the trolls got him, what chance does your idiot cousin stand? The counters, 'citizen truth teams' and senior emissaries to groups vulnerable to recruitment, seem like thin reeds against the coming maelstrom of noise. LikeWar starts with Clausewitz's dictum that war is a continuation of politics by other means, and there are clear links between cyberspace and physical space. Intensity of hashtags impacted the subsequent intensity of Israeli airstrikes during attacks on the Gaza strip. ISIS used propaganda to create an aura of invincibility that outflanked the defenders of Mosul, while Russia denied that its 'little green men' were even in Ukraine. But the difference is that cyberspace is constructed space rather than natural space. The networks are built, maintained, and owned by real corporations and real people. The internet grew from an anarchic specialized scientific network to a major engine of commerce and communicate with little deliberate government oversight. Section 230 absolved American companies of responsibility for policing content, with major carve outs for copyrighted IP and pornography. Yet as concerns over cyberbullying and counter-terrorism rose, major networks adopted digital constitutions that were permissive towards speech and censorious towards erotica. Policing content is and was possible, but always took a back seat to growth and engagement, the guide stars of Silicon Valley. The future is if anything, darker. Advances in machine learning and AI allow ever more realistic bots, computer generated DeepFakes where a politician can be programmed to say anything, and personalized targeting of people with exactly the propaganda they'll believe. There are defensive counters, but if I might draw military analogies, what we saw in 2016 was armored warfare circa 1918: clearly the future, but not yet a mature system. Given the pace of technology, we only have a few years before digital blitzkrieg. I'm extremely online, and I've been following this space for years. I've presented at multiple conferences on this topic, including Governance of Emerging Technologies and Association of Internet Researchers. LikeWar is the book I wish I'd written. Cognizant, forward looking, and deeply researched, it is vital reading for anyone interested in technology or politics. My only reservation is that I wish the sources were better linked in the text, instead of being buried in static endnotes. Maybe the next edition will push an update.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 19, 2018
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Verified Purchase
Victoria Weisfeld
Battle Creek, US
★★★★★ 5
Making Sense of the Tactics Deployed in the Social Media War
Format: Hardcover
Singer and Brooking’s book, pulls together in one place the various threads of information about cyberthreats from the last few years, weaving them into a coherent, memorable, and understandable(!) whole. All these authors provide exhaustive lists of sources. It’s incumbent on responsible people to understand the tactics of information warfare, because, “[recent Senate hearings] showed that our leaders had little grasp on the greatest existential threat to American democracy,” said Leigh Giangreco in the Washington Post. These ill-intentioned manipulators understand the human brain is hard-wired for certain reactions: to believe in conspiracy theories (“Obama isn’t an American”); to be gratified when we receive approval (“likes”!); to be drawn to views we agree with (“confirmation bias”). If we feel compelled to weigh in on some bit of propaganda or false information, social media algorithms see this attention and elevate the issue—“trending!”—so that our complaints only add to the virality of disinformation and lies. “Just as the internet has reshaped war, war is now radically reshaping the internet,” the authors say. Contrary to the optimism of the Silicon Valley entrepreneurs who saw social media as a positive, democratizing force, this new technology is being used to destructive effect at many levels of society. At a local scale, for example, it bolsters gang violence in Chicago; at a national scale, it contributed to the election of fringe politicians; at a regional scale, it facilitated the emergence of ISIS; and at an international scale, it undergirds the reemergence of repressive political movements in many countries. How to be a responsible citizen in this chaos? Like it or not, “we’re all part of this war,” the authors say, “and which side succeeds depends in large part on how much the rest of us learn to recognize this new warfare for what it is” and how ready we are for what comes next.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 14, 2019

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